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Home My WebLink AboutAgenda AIPP 112007AGENDA CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS ART IN PUBLIC PLACES ADVISORY BOARD TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2007, AT 5:30 P.M. COUNCIL CHAMBERS I. CALL TO ORDER II. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE III. ROLL CALL: ART IN PUBLIC PLACES ADVISORY BOARD Regular Members Alternates Lee Bickford (Chair) Cable Neuhaus (1St Alt.) William Leizman (Vice Chair) Jennifer O'Brien (2 "d Alt.) Diane Cappella Myra Davis Ellen Dukes Lynn Silber Karen Hainsworth Also in attendance: Kara Irwin, AICP, Growth Management Administrator /Staff Liaison IV. ADDITIONS, DELETIONS, MODIFICATIONS V. APPROVAL OF MINUTES VI. ITEMS BY COUNCIL LIAISON VII. ITEMS BY STAFF LIAISON VIII. OLD BUSINESS IX. NEW BUSINESS 1. NORTH COUNTY GOVERNMENT CENTER AIPP - WORKSHOP X. COMMENTS BY THE PUBLIC XI. COMMENTS BY THE BOARD XII. ADJOURNMENT s � NAME MY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS Lit -. LC J-4-Hot MEETING / / -c;LO - 0 7 DATE SIGN -IN SHEET PLEASE PRINT MUNICIPALITY /COMPANY PHONE 233 - 02 35 z33 - oz- � Teo /�6*0 Z33-1�25'� CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS MEMORANDUM TO: Art in Public Places Advisory Board Member., I FROM: Allyson Maiwurm, Projects Coordinator DATE: November 7, 2007 SUBJECT: North County Government Center — Public Art Workshop @ 11/20/07 AIPP Please be advised that there will be a discussion involving the public art for the North County Government Center Planned Community Development (PCD) at the November 20, 2007, AIPP Advisory Board Meeting. The North County Government Center PCD is located along PGA Boulevard about 1.6 miles east of Interstate I -95, at the Southwest side of the intersection of PGA Boulevard and Campus Drive, and north of Fairchild Avenue. The development plans for the North County Government Center PCD are to expand the library by 14,612 square feet as well as amend the PCD to remove land parcels and overall acreage. The zoning is Public/ Institutional which indicates this project is a public facility. Please see the attachments for information relating to ideas and concepts for art for the North County Regional Library. Should you have any questions or comments or require additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me at 799-4199• Facilities Development & November 6, 2007 Operations Department Ms. Allyson Maiwurm 2633 Vista Parkway City of Palm Beach Gardens West Palm Beach, FL 33411 -5603 Growth Management Department 10500 North Military Trail . TELEPHONE: (561) 233 -0200 Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 FAX: (561) 233 -0206 www.t)bcp-ov.com /fdo RE: November 20, 2007 Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop, North County Regional Library Expansion ■ Dear Ms. Maiwurm: On behalf of Palm Beach County and the Palm Beach County Library Palm Beach County System, Palm Beach County's Facilities Development & Operations Board of County Commissioners (FD &O) Department respectfully requests that the North County Regional Addie L. Greene, Chairperson Library Expansion project be scheduled for a workshop on the November Jeff Koons, Vice Chairman 20, 2007 agenda of the Art in Public Places Advisory Board. Karen T. Marcus Mary McCarty As you are aware, concurrent Development Applications are pending with the City of Palm Beach Gardens to accommodate a proposed +/- 14,612 Robert J. Kanjian square foot expansion of the North County Regional Library. This Burt Aaronson expansion is anticipated to exceed the threshold of Sec. 78 -261 for Jess R. Santamaria compliance with Art in Public Places. Given FD &O's continuing progress through the City's Development Review Committee (DRC) process, additional information is necessary to refine and prepare detailed County Administrator construction plans for the upcoming building expansion. Accordingly, Robert Weisman, P.E. FD &O requests this workshop as a timely opportunity to exchange ideas and receive preliminary direction from the Palm Beach Gardens Art in Public Places Advisory Board. FD &O proposes to fulfill the Art in Public Places requirement for the North "An Equal Opportunity County Regional Library Expansion through the provision of artwork(s) Affirmative Action Employer" that enhance the facility in accordance with the definition of art, artwork, or works of art as outlined in the Palm Beach Gardens Art in Public Places ordinance (Ord. No. 1, 2007). As a public facility, the very nature of the North County Regional Library presents many unique and unconventional ;, 7r} G S NOV 0 6 2007 opportunities to not only satisfy the requirement for art in public places, but to expose the public to stimulating artistic pieces. Libraries across America and around the world are centers of community life — they're places to explore and experience the arts, music, and culture; engage in lifelong learning; relax; and more. Libraries are one of few institutions that exist to serve the entire public body regardless of age, economic strata, or other defining characteristics. According to John J. Callahan III, Director of the Palm Beach County Library System, an estimated 355,000 visits were made to the North County Regional Library during the recently completed fiscal year. During that same one -year period, 690 children's programs (e.g. story time, puppet shows, crafts, etc J were conducted at the North County Regional Library and attended by approximately 18,000 children. Statistics of recent Palm Beach County library expansion projects suggest that a significant increase in usage by the general public can reasonably be expected to result from the upcoming expansion of the North County Regional Library. These facts and figures demonstrate the rare potential to achieve public exposure to art in a functional and integrated format. On November 20, 2007, FD &O will present national examples of functional public art collaborative design projects to the Palm Beach Gardens Art in Public Places Advisory Board. These samples will highlight the important role of public art in transforming the ordinary to the extraordinary and immersing the public in captivating environments that are both artistic and functional. A selection of functional public art collaborative design projects is being provided as an accompaniment to this letter. Also at the November 20 workshop session, FD &O will be seeking support from the Palm Beach Gardens Art in Public Places Advisory Board to develop a Call to Artists and related scope of work that emphasizes functional public art collaborative design projects. Due to the anticipated uses and interior design of the proposed building expansion, FD &O has identified children, juvenile and family oriented areas of the North County Regional Library Expansion as the most appropriate opportunities for public art integration. Your attention to this request and ongoing assistance are very much appreciated. On behalf of Palm Beach County and the Palm Beach County Library System, FD &O looks forward to this first appearance and workshop before the Art in Public Places Advisory North County Regional Library Expansion 11/20/07 AiPP Advisory Board Workshop Page 2 of 3 Board on November 20, 2007. Should you have any questions or require further information at this time, please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, Melanie Borkowski, Manager, Facilities Compliance Palm Beach County Facilities Development & Operations C: Audrey Wolf, Director, PBC FD &O John J. Callahan III, Director, PBC Library System Cindy DeFilippo, Sr. Administrative Assistant to Commissioner Marcus Anna Cottrell, Anna S. Cottrell & Associates, Inc. Donaldson Hearing, Cutler & Hearing Elayna Toby Singer, Art in Public Places Administrator, PBC FD &O Bill DeBeck, Project Manager, PBC FD &O /CID File North County Regional Library Expansion 11/20/07 AiPP Advisory Board Workshop Page 3 of 3 f--' CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION Planning and Zoning Division Growth Management Department CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS 10500 North Military Trail Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 (561) 799 -4243 Fax (561) 799 -4281 Request: _Planned Community Development (PCD) _Planned Unit Development (PUD) _ Amendment to PCD, PUD or Site Plan _Conditional Use `Amendment to the Comprehensive Plan _Administrative Approval _Administrative Appeal _ Annexation _Rezoning _Site Plan Review _Concurrency Certificate _Time Extension _Miscellaneous _X_Other_AIPP Advisory Board Workshop Date Submitted: 11/6/2007 Project Name: North County Regional Library Palm Beach County, Audrey Wolf, Director, 2633 Vista Parkway Owner :PBC Facilities Development and Operations Address:West Palm Beach FL 33411 Applicant (if not Owner): same as above Applicant's Address: Same as above Telephone No. 561-233-0200 Agent: Melanie Borkowski, Manager, Facilities Compliance Contact Person: Melanie Borkowski E -Mail: mborkows@co.palm- beach.fl.us Agent's Mailing Address: 2633 Vista Parkway, WPB, FL 33411 -5603 Agent's Telephone Number: 561- 233 -0257 Fax Number: 567- 656 -7215 Petition Number: Fees Received (Application $ _ Receipt Number: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date & Time Received: Engineering $ Architect: N/A Phone Number: Engineer: N/A Phone Number: Planner: N/A Phone Number: Landscape Architect: N/A Phone Number: Site Information: Note: Petitioners shall submit electronic digital files of approved projects. See attachment for details. General Location: Northwest corner of Fairchild Avenue and Campus Drive Address: 11303 Campus Drive, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 Section: 6 Property Control Number(s): Acreage: +/ - 6.6 Flood Zone B Township: 42S 52- 43- 42- 06 -04- 000 -0010 Current Zoning: PCD Range: 43E Requested Zoning: N/A Base Flood Elevation (BFE) — to be indicated on site plan N/A Current Comprehensive Plan Land Use Designation: Public (P) Existing Land Use: PBC Library Requested Land Use: N/A Proposed Use(s) i.e. hotel, single family residence, etc.: Same Proposed Square Footage by Use: +/- 24,000 existing, +/- 14,612 proposed ( +/- 40,000 total) Proposed Number and Type of Dwelling Unit(s) i.e. single family, multifamily, etc. (if applicable): N/A Justification Information concerning all requests (attach additional sheets if needed.) {Section 78 -46, Application Procedures, Land Development Regulations) 1. Explain the nature of the request: This application requests a workshop before the Palm Beach Gardens Art in Public Places Advisory Board. The North County Regional Library is the subject of pending applications (PCDA- 07 -09- 000005 and SPLA- 07 -10- 000008) to accommodate a +/- 14,612 square foot addition and ancillary site improvements. This expansion is anticipated to exceed the threshold of Sec.78- 261 for compliance with Art in Public Places. 2. What will be the impact of the proposed change on the surrounding area? The applicant does not anticipate any impact on the surrounding area as a result of the Art in Public Places requirements of Sec. 78 -261. 3. Describe how the rezoning request complies with the City's Vision Plan and the following elements of the City's Comprehensive Plan — Future Land Use, Transportation, Housing, Infrastructure, Coastal Management, Conservation, Recreation and Open space, Intergovernmental Coordination and Capital Improvement. N/A 4. How does the proposed project comply with City requirements for preservation of natural resources and native vegetation (Section 78 -301, Land Development Regulations)? N/A 5. How will the proposed project comply with City requirements for Art in Public Places (Chapter 78- 261, Land Development Regulations)? This application requests a workshop before the Art in Public Places Advisory Board to discuss options for compliance with City requirements for Art in Public Places (Chapter 78 -261). 6. Has project received concurrency certification? N/A Date received: Leal Description of the Subject Property (Attach additional sheets if needed) Or see attached deed for legal description. A PARCEL OF LAND LYING IN SECTION 6, TOWNSHIP 42 SOUTH, RANGE 43 EAST, CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, BEING MORE PARTICULARLY DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: LOT 1, PLAT OF NORTH COUNTY LIBRARY SITE AS RECORDED IN PLAT BOOK 75, PAGE 63 OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS OF PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA. Location The subject property is located approximately 1 6 mile(s) from the intersection of I -95 and PGA Boulevard on the !north, _east, `south, x west side of Campus Drive (street/road). Statement of Ownership and Designation of Authorized Agent Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared Audrey Wolf, Director, PBC FD &O who, being by me first duly sworn, on oath deposed and says: 1. That he /she is the fee simple title owner of the property described in the attached Legal Description. 2. That he /she is requesting AIPP Advisory Board Workshop in the City of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Melanie Borkowski, Manager 3. That he /she has appointed Facilities Compliance to act as authorized agent on his/her behalf to accomplish the above project. Name of Owner: Audrey Wolf, Director, Palm Beach County Facilities Development & Operations Audrey Wolf, Director U ►^ Palm Beach County Facilities Development & Operations Signature f Owne By: Name /Title 2633 Vista Parkway Street Address 561 - 233 -0200 Telephone Number West Palm Beach, FL 33411 -5603 City, State, Zip Code City, State, Zip Code 561 - 233 -0206 Fax Number awo1f@co.pa1m- beach.f1.us E -mail Address Sworn and subscribed before me this day of November 2007 My Commission expires: 131 of l Notary blic sir "rr SHAWN A, BM _.: A Commission DD 695260 r� Expires October 30, 2011 ,,,, eanew tMu trop FeM+wweno eoasedroto Applicant's Certification I/We affirm and certify that Uwe understand and will comply with the land development regulations of the City of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. I/WE further certify that the statements or diagrams made on any paper or plans submitted herewith are true to the best of my /our knowledge and belief. Further, I /we understand that this application, attachments, and application filing fees become a part of the official records of the City of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, and are not returnable. Applicant is: Sign ture of Applicant _Owner Melanie Borkowski, Manager, Facilities Compliance Print Name of Applicant _Optionee 2633 Vista Parkway Street Address _Lessee west Palm Beach, FL 33411 -5603 City, State, Zip Code x Agent 561 - 233 -0257 Telephone Number _Contract Purchaser 561 - 656 -7215 Fax Number mborkows@co.palm- beach.fl.us E -Mail Address National Samples of Functional Public Art Collaborative Design Projects Opportunities for North County Regional Library A# s '.. M ■ r Sec. 78-261. Art in Public Placr, Nequirrmentx Arr. Artnwrk, or Works ofort mean all tangible creations h }' aril StS e\1111711U11L the h1ghCSt llUallt \ of skill and aesthetic principles and includes all iorins of the %isual ans concci ed in all inedium. material_ or combination thereof. includin a. but not limited to. painting. sculpture- fiunitains. cngratin,. carting. frescos. mobiles. murals. collages. mosaics. has - reliefs. tapestries. photographs. drm in,, . artist - designed seating, or other functional art pieces and collaborative design projects betnren architects and /or landscape architects and artists, together %%ith all hard cost% and soft costs such as, but not limited to, lighting, landscaping, or other aesthetic effects or enhancements integrated n ith the art and appro\ed h\ the _ro\tth management administrator. The city' council shall not consider Ior approx A art objects %\ hick are nnass- produced Ill unlinutcd yucuunlcs • � G ` .I1R F AN P -'� `, -SM 'FIN !� V A 0 tun un ■ Or. sw 9 n North County Regional Library Expansion Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop 11/20/2007 North County Regional Library Expansion Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop 11/20/2007 North County Regional Library Palm Beach Gardens A:l In Publlr Places Advisory Board VvI.:F;l�ui Plavember 20.2007 National Samples of Functional Public Art Collaborative Design Projects Opportunities for North County Regional Library C John J. Callahan III. Weclor el the Palm Beach Counly library Sy,l- Proposed Site Plan North r-t! ^tv Regional I_ihr ry Palm Bch laces $:xuinance See, 7 8-261. Arl in Public Place, Requirenu•nls Irt..Irnrork, or Yorks o(nrt mean all tangible creations b% aru,ts exhibiting the highest qualm of .kill and acsthetle principles and includes all lornms of the %uual art, Cancel\ ed ut am medium. material. or combination thereol. InCluding. bat not limited to. Panning. sculpture. tinuuailu. engrlm um.. can ins!. frescos. mobiles. murals. collage,. niosalcs_ has- relicts. tapestries. photographs. dra\\ miss. artist - deli -ned seating, or other functional art pieces and ct�laboratise design projects bet%een architects and/or la dscape architects and artists, together %ith all hard costs and soft costs such as, but not limited to, lighting landscaping, or other aesthetic effects or enhancements intelg,rated with the art and approsed by the g o%%Lh management administrator. The city council shall not consider lix appro%a] an objects \\hich are mays - produced in unlimited quantities. MIT S sLf�J. L 1F- North County Regional Library Expansion Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop 11/20/2007 mi 7 AL VIL l'us an ow 'Ova M- , -,�tfA! - "AN p liplow W - ZC_. *w Affl: I North County Regional Library Expansion Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop 11/20/2007 North County Regional Library Expansion Art in Public Places Advisory Board Workshop 11/20/2007 i ■ CITY OF PALM BEACH GARDENS 10500 N. MILITARY TRAIL - PALM BEACH GARDENS, FL.OFAIDA 334'10 -4898 August 16, 2007 VIA E- MAIL(wr2ssfterizon.ne31 AND FEDERAL EXPRESS Ms. Wendy Ross 6611 Landon Lane Bethesda, MD 20817 Re: Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Four (4) Outdoor Sculptures Located at the PGA Flyover if Finalist Agreement dated May 19, 2005, RFP 2004 -04 -018 Dear Ms. Ross: O'k, As you know, the Sculptures you were hired to design, fabricate, and install have shown evidence of defects. The City has concluded its investigation of the corrosion„ staining, and discoloration of the Sculptures. Enclosed please find the Final Reports from the City's Consultant indicating that the majority of observed corrosion attack and discoloration of the stainless steel sculptures were caused due to improper alloy selection and less- than - adequate surface finish and improper preparation of the welds. Pursuant to the RFP, more particularly the Project Guidelines, the Artwork you provided to the City was to be fabricated in materials that would withstand heat, humidity, wind, drought, and other environmental and climatic conditions common to the region as specified by regulatory codes. The Sculptures you provided would have an anticipated life span of frfty (50) years. The Artwork would have minimal maintenance requirements and comply with all federal, state, and local rules, regulations, ordinances, guidelines, and/or directives. Also, pursuant to the Finalist Agreement dated May 19, 2005, in Section 4.2 you warranted the Sculpture to be free of defects. OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY +;y PHONE: 561-799-4138 FAX. 561-799-4139 E -MAIL: ctatun4ftbgfl.com Ms. Wendy Ross August 16, 2007 Page 2 of 2 Pursuant to the City's Consultant Report, the Sculptures have defects which need to be remediated. Also, your suggested remediation plan has been addressed by the City's Consultant. The Consultant has proposed a recommended course of action to address the defects observed in the field. Demand is hereby made that you provide the City with a plan of remediation to address the conditions found by the City's Consultant, together with a time schedule to fully and finally address the defects, including a remediation plan. Please note that pursuant to Section 7.3.3 you are required to correct all defects at your expense. As such, please provide the City with a written time line and remediation plan within thirty (30) days of the date of this letter. If you fail to abide by the terms and conditions of your contract with the City and the RFP, the City will seek all remedies as provided by law and pursuant to Sections 5.4 and 10.2 of the Finalist Agreement. Further, the City shall seek reimbursement from you for all of its out -of- pocket costs and expenses as a result of the damages sustained as a result of this matter. PLEASE GOVERN YOURSELF ACCORDINGLY. Very truly yours, Christine P. Tatum City Attorney Enclosure C: City Council Ron Ferris, City Manager 01011 Jack Doughney, Community Services Administrator Angela Wong, Operations Manager Charlotte Presensky, Interim Development Director G l attorney _share\CORRESPONDENCEVetter Wendy Ross- 8- 07.doc OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY PHONE: 561-799-4138 FAX: 561-799-4139 E -MAIL: ctatumApbOxom de- MatEo Anedeks. W. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 1 of 35 Report of. Analysis of Corrosion on :stainless Steel Sculptures on PGA Boulevard Flyover. Report to: City of Palm Beach Gardens 10500 N. Military Trail Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 August 5, 2007 Phone: (561) 804 -7010 Fax: (561) 799 -4134 Summary Matco Associates Inc. was requested to perform an investigation to determine the cause of corrosion staining on four (4) stainless steel sculptures on the PGA Boulevard flyover in Palm 4 Beach Gardens, FL. The four sculptures were comprised of different stainless steel alloys and were seated on painted carbon steel bases. The sculptures were installed in November, 2006 and ( corrosion staining and red discoloration was reportedly observed several months after t installation. Matco was requested to determine the cause and extent of the corrosion attack. Four main forms of corrosion were discovered on the sculptures: Corrosion of the stainless steel wire mesh. All of the fine mesh stainless steel screens on all four sculptures exhibited significant corrosion staining. The corrosion staining was accelerated by less than adequate surface finish and rough surface finish of the wires. Corrosion was also greatly accelerated by the presence of chlorides and the moisture - holding ability of the screen mesh surface. 2. Corrosion and localized pitting of the Type 304 tubular stainless steel at the base of the leaves. The tubular steel bases developed surface corrosion on the heat - affected weld zones and on all other areas due to the high- chloride and high - moisture environment. A more corrosion- resistant steel with an adequate surface finish should have been specified for these parts. 3. Corrosion of the welds between the rings on the large sphere. The rings and weld metal were Type 316 stainless steel, but were not properly finished (grinded, cleaned, pickled K and passivated) to develop an adequate smooth, passive surface layer after welding. This resulted in black staining of the welds. Y . 4. Corrosion of the coated steel base. The coated steel based exhibited corrosion and "weeping" rust in areas with coating damage and around bolt holes. The corrosion near the bolt holes and at the connection with the copper grounding cable is accelerated by galvanic action between the carbon steel and stainless steel bolts and copper cable. 4131 SW 474 Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, I-L 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 46 Mai o Assacistes, Ise. Mateo Project Number 907 -50448 Page 2 of 35 In conclusion, the majority of the observed corrosion attack and discoloration of the stainless steel sculpture was caused by inadequate alloy selection and surface finish of the various components for the highly corrosive service environment. The location which the sculptures are housed is highly corrosive due to its proximity to the ocean (salt environment), high- moisture /high - humidity, and the partial cover of the tower roofs (salts and other contaminants are deposited on the sculptures, but are not readily washed away by rain water). Furthermore, the sculpture design allows for entrapment of chlorides and moisture on the rough and irregular surfaces, inside the fine mesh and other areas where metal components are touching (this is called "crevice corrosion condition "), and on horizontal surfaces. Type 316 stainless steel with rough surface finish is a poor choice of material for this service environment. A higher molybdenum- containing alloy with a mirror surface finish (surface roughness equal to or less than 5 microns) should have been selected considering the site characteristics, environment, and crevice corrosion conditions. Localized crevice corrosion, pitting and discoloration will continue due to depassivation (breakdown of the protective layer which gives stainless steel its corrosion resistance) and retention of chlorides on the rough surfaces of the screen mesh wires, rough weldments, and geometry complexities present in other parts of the sculptures. Repairs which include replacement of the mesh and chemical removal of rust should first be performed. A regular inspection, cleaning and passivation regiment should then be implemented to help mitigate future accelerated corrosion on the sculptures. Onsite Examination Kevin Groll and Dan Gibson of Mateo Associates, Inc. performed an onsite examination of the four sculptures on May 22d, 2007. The sculptures were first visually examined for corrosion damage. X -ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was then performed to identify the alloy type of the different components. The four sculptures all exhibited the same type and severity of corrosion staining. The following is a summary of observations: I. Stainless steel leaves. The coated steel bases each supported 4 leaf -like structures as shown in Figures 1 -9. The leaves consisted of the following components: a. Tubular steel base. These members were welded together to form the base of each leaf. Each member exhibited surface corrosion staining and minor pitting as shown in Figure 4. Each weld on the tubes also exhibited surface staining as shown in Figure 5. XRF analysis confirmed that the material was Type 304 stainless steel, as specified. 4131 SW 47 ' Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 �r 4CJ Mateo Associates. Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 3 of 35 b. Solid stainless steel bars. These bars were welded to the tubular steel base and to each other to form a tetrahedron. The bars exhibited surface corrosion staining in areas that were in direct contact with the wire mesh and tie wire (crevice areas) as shown in Figure 6 . XRF analysis confirmed that the bars were Type 316 stainless steel, as specified. c. Fine insect mesh. Mesh was wrapped around the tetrahedron and secured to the „ solid bars with tie -wire. The mesh on all of the sculptures exhibited significant e corrosion staining. All screens exhibited dark, corroding wires which were evenly spaced, as shown in Figures 7 and 8. These dark wires exhibited severe corrosion damage, were very brittle, and broke when contacted as shown in Figure 9. XRF analysis confirmed that the mesh and tie -wire was Type 316 stainless steel, as specified. However, laboratory energy dispersive x -ray U, spectroscopy (EDS) testing revealed alloy differences in the dark, corroded wires of the mesh. 2. Large sphere with conical coils. This part was suspended above the leaves as shown in Figure I and consisted of a welded ring structure with decorative conical coils as shown in Figure 10. a. Ring sphere. The sphere itself was made up of rings welded to one another as shown in Figure 10. Each of the welds exhibited black staining from corrosion as shown in Figures I I & 12. The corrosion products were hard and tenacious and did not exhibit "weeping" rust as is normally indicated by streaking stains. XRF analysis confirmed that the rings and weld metal were Type 316 stainless steel, as specified. b. Conical coils. One coil was welded to each ring. The welds each exhibited black staining. Several coils had become tangled and exhibited minor surface corrosion at the points where the wires contacted one another (crevice areas) as shown in Figure 13. XRF analysis confirmed that the coils were Type 316 stainless steel, as specified. c. Padeye support brackets and center connector. These six parts (5 padeye, I center support) were housed inside the sphere and connected the sphere to support members as shown in Figure 14. These parts exhibited black corrosion staining on the welds; similar to the corrosion staining on the rings. These parts were not accessible for XRF analysis. d. Clevises, cotter pins, stranded cable, threaded rod, and chain. These parts were used to connect the padeye brackets and center support to the tower as shown in Figure 14. The threaded rod exhibited minor surface corrosion over the 4131 SW 47h Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 two-'A LAEWW16 l fo Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 4 of 35 lengths of the rods. This was to be expected as the rods are constructed of Type 302 stainless steel, which is less corrosion- resistant than Type 316L stainless steel. None of the parts listed above were accessible for XRF analysis. 3. Painted structural steel bases. The bases were constructed of welded structural steel with a white paint as shown in Figure 15. Each base exhibited corrosion staining in areas with coating damage and in bolt holes as shown in Figure 16. Corrosion was also observed where connected to the copper grounding cable, also shown in Figure 16. The bases were not the focus of the investigation. Scanning Electron Microscopy Samples of corrosion deposits and metal from the sculpture were removed for laboratory analysis. The samples were examined at high magnification and analyzed for elemental composition using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive x -ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit. Blaek/red Corrosion Deposits from Dark Corroded Wire Small samples of corrosion deposits were taken from one of the corroded wires. The deposits were very high in chlorine and sodium, indicating salt contamination which is common in areas within 10 miles of the ocean. The micrograph and EDS spectrum of the sample are shown in Figure 17. Black Corrosion Deposits on Ring Weld The corrosion deposits on the ring weld were consistent with that of Type 316 stainless steel. The deposits were high in oxygen, indicating that they were indeed corrosion products, and were also high in chlorine, again indicating salt contamination. The micrograph and EDS spectrum of the sample are shown in Figure 18. Dark and Shiny Wires from Mesh Several shiny wires and several dark wires were collected for comparative analysis. It was found that the shiny wire matched the chemistry of Type 316 stainless steel (as was also found through onsite XRF analysis). However, this wire exhibited surface roughness, making it prone to corrosion attack. The dark wires varied in chemistry from area to area because of iron depletion in the corroded areas and possible incorrect chemistry. Micrographs and spectra are shown in Figures 19 through 22. The following table shows semi - quantitative data from different dark/corroded wires collected from the screen and one shiny wire from the screen. It was found that the shiny wire matches 4131 SW 47ffi Avenue, Suite 1 107 - Davie. FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 . Fax: (954) 797 -6864 R Mateo -- Associates. hc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 5 of 35 the correct chemical limits of Type 316 stainless steel, however, the alloying elements (chromium, molybdenum, and nickel) which give stainless steel its corrosion- resistant properties are at the low ends of the required levels for Type 316 stainless steel. The corroded wires greatly varied in chemistry and did not match that of Type 316 stainless steel. The cleanest area analyzed nearly matched the chemistry of Type 304 stainless steel with lower levels of chromium and nickel than is required for Type 304. Weight Percent Composition Element Shiny Wire (Figure 19) Corroded Wire (Figure 20) Severely Corroded Wire (Figure 21 Clean Area of Corroded Wire (Fig ure 22 A1SI Standard Type 316L SS Chromium 16.6 16.2 30.8 17.4 16.0 -18.0 Nickel 9.4 4.0 3.1 7.8 10.0 -14.0 2.2 - - - 2.0 -3.0 -Molybdenum Manganese 1.2 1.0 5.2 1.3 2.00 max Silicon 0.9 1.4 0.4 1.0 1.00 max Aluminum 0.4 - 0.3 - - Titanium - - 3.6 0.3 - Vanadium - - 0.4 - - iron Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance *Note that EDS is a semi - quantitative analysis accurate to 0.5 weight % and does not account for elements lighter than .sodium. Other non- metallic elements were also left out of the analysis. Corrosion Coupon Analysis Standard Type 316L stainless steel coupons with a glass bead surface finish were placed on and around the sculptures and left in place for several weeks. Four samples were attached to a sculpture and one was attached to a pillar away from the sculpture. The coupon attached to a corroded area of the screen exhibited the worst surface corrosion as shown in Figure 23. This corrosion was caused by crevice corrosion conditions and chloride contamination from the already contaminated screen. Other corrosion coupons were attached to the sphere components as shown in Figures 24 - 26. The samples all exhibited some surface corrosion and chloride contamination. The final sample was attached to a pillar, away from the sculpture as shown in Figure 27. This sample exhibited minor surface staining but no detectable chlorides. This was likely due to its smooth surface finish and direct exposure to rainwater. The corrosion coupon analysis showed that chlorides are currently concentrated on the metal surfaces and will cause corrosion on areas of steel that are in direct contact with each other and form crevices in contact areas. The steel coupon placed away from the sculpture did not exhibit 4131 SW 47 ' Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -686=1 �MatEo Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 6 of 35 chloride buildup or corrosion attack, which indicates that a properly prepared and maintained stainless steel surface can slow down corrosion attack in this environment. Discussion & Conclusions The corrosion observed on the screen mesh accounted for the majority of the corrosion damage. The screen mesh did not exhibit adequate corrosion resistance because of the moisture and contaminant - holding capacity of the mesh and rough surface finish of the individual wires. The improperly manufactured spool of wire accounted for the evenly spaced corroded wires observed in the mesh. It is important to note however that the entire mesh was corrosion -prone without the presence of the irregular wire. The other major source of observed corrosion damage was in the welds of the rings and of the Type 304 tubular stainless steel. The surfaces were not properly treated after welding to provide adequate corrosion protection. Furthermore, Type 304 stainless steel has a lower corrosion resistance than Type 316 stainless steel, and should not have been selected for this service environment. A Note on Chloride Corrosion, Stainless Steel, and the Service Environment Austenitic stainless steels such as Type 304 and Type 316 stainless steel are prone to accelerated corrosion and staining in chloride- containing environments. Chlorides, which are typically in form of salts (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, etc.), have the potential to attack most types of steel. Common carbon steels and low -alloy steels typically exhibit general corrosion and metal loss when exposed to chlorides. Stainless steels typically exhibit pitting corrosion and surface discoloration when exposed to chlorides. The degree of corrosion attack and amount of time to initiate discoloration and pitting depends on chloride concentration, chemistry of the alloy, surface finish, and presence of special conditions such as "crevice corrosion condition" where steel surfaces are in contact with each other. This particular service environment can be considered highly corrosive because of the presence of chlorides from sea salts, presence of constant moisture from humidity and rain water, and protection from direct rain water which would help to wash away concentrated chlorides. Furthermore, the sculpture design allowed for crevices and entrapment of contaminants and moisture. Therefore, a highly corrosion - resistant metal with a smooth surface finish should have been selected for construction of the sculptures. Type 316 stainless steel with a mirror surface finish provides good corrosion resistance in many common outdoor service environments. However, Type 316 stainless steel with a rough surface finish will exhibit discoloration and accelerated corrosion attack due to retention of chlorides and depassivation, which is a breakdown of the thin protective layer which gives all stainless steels 4131 SW 47" Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Far: (954) 797 -6864 oil: tco �'�`i'� Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 7 of 35 their corrosion resistant properties. Corrosion attack will further accelerate for less corrosion resistant alloys such as Type 304 stainless steel. Corrosion damage in a high chloride- containing environment can be minimized by proper material /alloy selection, proper surface preparation (particularly around welds), and regular cleaning and maintenance. Stainless steel alloys such as Type 317L and 6% molybdenum steel are commonly used in corrosive marine environments because of their high resistance to chloride pitting corrosion. Recommendations The following procedure should be followed to clean the structures free of corrosion and to help mitigate future corrosion damage. To properly implement this cleaning and inspection regiment, a full cleaning/inspection /repair specification should be prepared. Matco would be pleased to provide a proposal to prepare a detailed technical specification for this work. 1. Remove the leaves and sphere from the towers. 2. Remove and discard all screen mesh from the leaves. 3. Clean the sphere and remaining parts of the leaves with a nitric acid solution to remove all corrosion products, to help create a smoother surface finish, and to repassivate the metal surfaces. (Specifying the exact pickling procedure will require further testing on the sculpture to assure that the corrosion products are adequately removed and that a smooth surface finish is obtained.) 4. Clean all parts with soap and pressurized water. 5. Reapply new screen mesh. The screen mesh should be of a highly corrosion- resistant alloy and should have a wider mesh to avoid moisture retention. A strip of the new mesh should be corrosion tested to verify the corrosion resistance in a marine environment. 6. Clean any corroded areas of the coated steel base and repair the coating. Special attention should be paid to the bolt holes and connection to the copper grounding wire as galvanic corrosion will serve to accelerate corrosion in these areas. 7. Reinstall sculptures in towers and perform evaluation annually. It is recommended that the sculptures are cleaned periodically in order to remove built -up salt and atmospheric deposits. 8. Further corrosion coupon testing should be performed in the service environment to verify which alloys and surface finishes will remain corrosion free. 4131 SW 47'h ,Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Matto ,, ftialm 1K. P pared by: ��/ Kevin Groll Mechanical Engineer NACE Certified Corrosion Technician Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 8 of 35 Reviewed by: C- Nfehrooz Zamanzadeh, Ph.D. NACE Certified Corrosion/ Coatings/Materials Selection Specialist *IMPORTANT NOTICE: It is the policy of MATCO Associates that samples submitted as part of contracted investigations are the responsibility of MATCO for only one month after final reports on those samples have been issued. They may then be discarded or otherwise disposed of. If you would like samples returned or safeguarded for longer than one month, please make such arrangements with this office in writing (include shipping provider and account number). If the submitted samples are part of a claim or potential lawsuit it is the client's responsibility to make arrangements to have the samples returned. Any testing not performed in MATCO's facility has been performed by established laboratories used by MATCO Associates. 4131 SW 47 1h Avenue. Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 ilk I n f. Mat o Ammistes. Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 9 of 35 Figure 1: Stainless steel sculpture on PGA Boulevard Flyover. 4131 SW 47h Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 4cj- a o kL Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 10 of 35 Figure 2: Diagram showing coated base and 4 leaf stnictures. 4131 SW 47 Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 v Mateo -,. As'a`jA``s, Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page I I of 35 14 13 FU J !EF 4 Fff A s A SECTION A —A SCALE N/A 'A B 8 C +-1 C Figure 3: Diagram of leaf structure. Square, tubular steel at the base was found to be Type 304 stainless steel as was specified. The solid round bars were found to be Type 316 stainless steel as specified. Each leaf was wrapped in Type 316 stainless steel wire mesh which exhibited significant corrosion damage. 4131 SW 47 Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Matco Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 12 of 35 Figure 4: Wide spread surface corrosion was observed on the lengths of the Type 304 stainless steel tubes at the bottoms of the leaves. 4131 SW 47'h Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie. FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Far: (954) 797 -6864 a . w MR o 6L�-'q,t -b . - - nss«i,tm1W. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 13 of 35 Figure 5: Surface corrosion concentrated around the welds of the Type 304 stainless steel tubes at the base of the leaves. All welds on the tubular steel exhibited this type of corrosion. 4131 SW 4r Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 4 Ma o Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 14 of 35 Figure 6: Corrosion was observed in areas the screen mesh contacted other steel parts and contacted itself. This is shown above where the screen mesh touches the Type 301 stainless steel tube and where it contacts the Type 316 stainless steel tie wire (top photograph). The bottom photograph shows a corroded area where parts of the mesh are in contact. 4131 SW 47 ' Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 7974863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Mateo Anwisin, Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 15 of 35 .M Figure 7: The wire mesh on all leaves exhibited extensive corrosion staining. The corrosion damage was concentrated around evenly spaced wires; however, corrosion was present over the entire mesh on each leaf. 4t ri 13 1 SW 47 ' Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 • Tel:.(954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Mat � Anwk6 . VaL Nlatco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 16 of 35 ige. The id 2 inches apart on other screens (as shown in the bottom photograph). Several areas also exhibited corroded wire spacing of I inch (not shown). 4131 SW 47 Avenue. Suite 1 107 • Davie. FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797-686' ) - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 —. I it d r 0 Mb Matto Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 18 of 35 VFW Figure 10: Diagram outlining construction of the sphere. The rings which make up the structural part of the sphere are welded to one another. Then each conical coil is welded to a support ring. The entire structure is supported internally and suspended by cables and brackets. 4131 SW 47 ` Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 333 14 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6861 Matco Associates, Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 19 of 35 Figure 11: The welds connecting the support rings and conical coils all exhibited black staining from surface corrosion. The lower photograph shows one ring with a missing coil exposing the four corroded /stained welds. 4131 SW Oh Avenue. Suite 1407 - Davie, Fl. 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 �Matfo Matco Pro ject Number 907 -50448 Page 20 of 35 Figure 12: Close -up photographs of the corroded/stained welds on the rings of the spheres. 4131 SQL' 47 Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 - -Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Mateo -- Associates, Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 21 of 35 01 are 13: Minor surface staining was observed on several of the conical coils in places where the coils became tangled and were touching (crevice corrosion condition). 4131 SW 47" Avenue. Suite 1407 - Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Matco Mwlal« Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 22 of 35 Figure 14: Padeye brackets, center support, stranded cables, treaded rods, clevises, cotter pins and chain (not shown) exhibited minimal corrosion. The padeye brackets exhibited black n staining in the vicinity of the welds and the threaded rods exhibited minor surface corrosion along their lengths. 4131 SW" 47'h Avenue. Suite 1.147 Davie. FL 331314 Tel: (951) 797 -6863 Fax: (954) 797 - 6864 r� R Matco A&wi &IM Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 23 of 35 rigurr ii. Vlas,a -a v. a... w W. " MM- 4 SW 4T Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Mateo Aawcialc& loc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 24 of 35 0* 4. _....b .....nage and around bolt holes. Corrosion was also observed around the connections to the copper grounding wires. 4131 SW 47' Avenue. Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 - TVel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 ac 4CMa A3socisIMIhwK. Matco Project Number 907-50448 Page 25 of 35 I mag•13-1 Na it O F* S S C 'P Mg Cr Fe C Cr SI A, —Fe 5 10� Figure 17: Electron micrograph and EDS spectrum of black corrosion deposits from screen. Deposit exhibited sodium and chlorine which is indicative of salt contamination. W:e�v' 4131 SW 47' ,Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie, Fl, 33314 • Tel- (954) 797-6863 - Fax: (954) 797-6864 4, Matco y.� ,Adak% ire. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 26 of 35 Imego6 -t 0 Ni Fe S Cu C1 Cr Mn C Figure 18: Black deposit from ring weld. Sample exhibited chlorine and other contaminants. A J7 4131 SW 47 1h Avenue, Suite 1407 • Davie, Fl- 33314 - Tei: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 M h r M 'K. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 27 of 35 i a1 • Cr Cr Ni C I F• Na Al MO n Ni Na Si CI Ca • Figure 19: Micrograph and EDS spectrum of shiny wire. Wire exhibited surface scratches and surface deposits. 4131 SW 47"' Avenue. Suite 1 107 • Davie, Ft. 33314 - Tel: (19541797-6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Afa tco A33OCiOM rgC. Mateo Project Number 907 -54448 F35 <.S,Yr.. 4131 AVet1ue, Suite 1407 - Davie, F[, -33-314 , Tel: (954) 797-6863 •Fax: (954) 797 -6864 d -. :�W- 3 Mat o Associates, lac. pti Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 29 of 35 2 Figure 21: Micrograph and EDS spectrum of severely corroded wire. Wire exhibited chemistry not typical of Type 316 stainless steel. This was likely due to iron depletion in the corroded areas along with presence of contaminants. 401 SW Oh Avenue, Suite 1407 - Davie. FL 33314 • Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 J J� A A I V.. o Matco Project Number 907 - 504448 Page 30 of 35 iman i -� Cr Fs Cr N; Ti S; Mn Ni C ^ Ti A A Figure 22: Micrograph and EDS spectrum of a clean area of a dark corroded wire. Wire exhibited chemistry not typical of Type 316 stainless steel. 4131 SW 47" Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 F Y� C at o ,,,,MM,. Inc. Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 31 of 35 Figure 23: Corrosion coupon attached to corroding wire on screen mesn. 3ampic cx iult- surface corrosion from chloride contamination. 4131 SW 47" Avenue. Suite 1407 • Dan ie. FL 3 ±:14 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 - Fax: (954) 797 -6864 lip Mat o Vssmintm 1W. Matco Project Number 907-50449 Page 32 of 35 Figure 24: Corrosion coupon attached to ring weld. 4131 SW 47' Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie. FL 33 114 - Tel: (954) 797-686-31 • Fax: (954) 797-6864 , 4,� Ma D -50448 pswistm Be- Mateo Project Number 901 Page 33 of 35 T13-1 SW 4 61M:I.r A,venue. Suite 1407 Davie. FL 3" 14 Tel: (954) 797 -6863 Fax: (954) 797 -6864 Mateo Matco Pro ect Number 907 -50448 Page 34 of 35 Figure 26: Corrosion coupon hanging from conical coil but not touching any other metal components. 131 SW 47`" .Avenue. Suite 1407 • Davie, FL 33314 - Tel: (954) 797 -6863 • Fax: (954) 797 -6864 A a o Matco Project Number 907 -50448 Page 35 of 35 • :::M7A191*da6M teo . 4 v hie. Mateo Correspondence 207 -R1146 August 5, 2007 To: City of Palm Beach Gardens Subject: Rebuttal to Wendy Ross's (Artist for Project) and HBI's explanation of the cause of corrosion and recommendations for repair. This letter is being written in response to Wendy Ross's e-mail to Angela Wong (dated April 10, 2007) and RBI's letter to Wendy Ross (dated April 18, 2007) in regards to accelerated corrosion attack and discoloration observed on the sculptures of the PGA Boulevard Flyover. Matco has performed a failure analysis root cause investigation (Mateo Project 907 - 50448) which is based on onsite analysis, test coupons exposure at the site and laboratory analysis. The investigation provides the cause of corrosion and remediation measures for the stainless steel sculptures. The majority of the observed corrosion attack and discoloration of the stainless steel sculpture was caused due to improper alloy selection and less than adequate surface finish and improper preparation of the welds for the corrosive service environment. We agree with HBI and Wendy Ross that the service environment is corrosive because of the presence of chloride salts from the ocean environment, presence of high moisture /humidity, and lack of direct rain water which would normally serve to wash away concentrated contaminants. The sulfur containing gases and acid condensation accelerates the corrosion attack however was not the primary reason for corrosion in this case. It should be noted that stainless steel is used on sidings and roofs in urban environments, such as on the Empire State Bldg, and stainless steel is used for exhaust piping on cars. All the environmental conditions should have been considered in drafting the materials specifications, and surface finish requirements should have also been specified prior to manufacturing the sculptures. The major causes of corrosion are: (1) the corrosive marine environment, as explained above; (2) the surface roughness and depassivation of the stainless steel mesh wires; (3) lack of surface preparation of the welds; (3) improper material selection of several of the sculpture components; and (4) the crevice corrosion conditions created by the complex geometries and metal surfaces which are in contact with one another. As a repair measure, the screen mesh must first be removed as it is unsuitable for the service environment. The screen mesh should be replaced with a more corrosion resistant mesh, preferably of a more corrosion resistant alloy with a smooth surface finish 4131 SIX 47°' Avenue, Suite 1407 • Dade. FL 33314 Tel: (954) 363 -6440 - Fax: (412) 788 -1283 11 matco Associates, Inc. Mateo Correspondence 207 -RI 146 (less than Ra - 0.50 microns). Testing should be performed on candidate materials to determine their corrosion resistance at the project site. The remaining parts must also be removed from the site and chemically cleaned to remove rust and repassivate the surface. It has been suggested by HBI that a clear -coat be applied to protect the stainless steel from exposure to corrosive elements. This is a viable solution, provided 100% of the metal surface is covered and adequate adhesion is provided for long times. However, our experience indicates that it is very difficult to apply a defect -free coating to parts with sharp edges and complex geometries. The coatings may exhibit failures in time due to movement, wind, sun and geometries present in the sculptures. Consideration should be given to testing to confirm that any treatment or coating applied to the sculptures will provide adequate corrosion protection for long service times. Best regards, M. Zamanzadeh, Ph. D. (Dr. Zee) National Association of Corrosion Engineers Certified Corrosion, Coatings, Material Selection and Design Specialist 4131 SW 47`" Avenue. Suite 1407 Davie. FL 33314 Uel. (954) 563 -6.40 - Fax: (412) 788 71283